Zhang Jian's Blog

Basic knowledge of computer programming (common in interviews, 1 hour quick review)

Author: Zhang Jian Posted 2 months ago 14 min read

Differences Between "Compiled Languages" and "Interpreted Languages"

Compiled languages and interpreted languages are two major categories of programming languages based on their execution method. The main difference lies in the process of code translation and execution.

For example, imagine there's a history book written in ancient Greek (equivalent to code written in Java or Python). You (equivalent to a computer) want to understand it, so it needs to be translated.

  • The approach of a compiled language (like Java) is to translate the entire book at once and then give it to you (the computer). You can then directly understand (execute) it.
  • The approach of an interpreted language (like Python) is not to translate the entire book beforehand. Instead, a dedicated translator (the interpreter) sits next to you. For every line encountered, the translator (interpreter) translates it for you (the computer) on the spot, until all the content you care about is translated.

1. Translation Timing and Method

Type Compiled Languages (C, C++, Go) Interpreted Languages (Python, JavaScript)
Translation Process Generates machine code all at once via a compiler Interprets and executes line by line via an interpreter
Output File Can generate a standalone executable file (e.g., .exe) Does not generate a machine code file
Execution Method Directly runs the compiled machine code Translates and executes simultaneously

2. Performance Comparison

  • Compiled Languages
    • ✅ Fast execution speed (directly runs machine code)
    • ❌ Code modifications require recompilation
  • Interpreted Languages
    • ✅ Convenient for development and debugging (run immediately after modification)
    • ❌ Slower execution speed (requires real-time translation)

3. Cross-Platform Compatibility

Type Characteristics
Compiled Needs recompilation for different platforms (e.g., compile separately for Windows/Linux)
Interpreted The same code runs across platforms (just need to install the corresponding interpreter)

4. Error Handling

  • Compiled Languages: Syntax errors are reported during the compilation phase.
  • Interpreted Languages: Errors may only be exposed at runtime.

5. Typical Language Examples

Type Language Examples Toolchain
Compiled Java, C, C++, Rust, Swift GCC, LLVM
Interpreted Python, Ruby, JavaScript (browser) CPython, V8 engine